Why are there nanoparticles in mascara

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Containing Nanoencapsulated Triceramides, Hydra Zen helps restore perfect comfort and softness and renew skin's healthy look. Fine crystals of ZnO nanoparticles will go straight into skin tissue to prevent hand and nails from being hurt and restore skin health. Formulated with colloidal silica and soy protein nanoparticles to provide the closest possible face-lift effect. The Revitalift formula is enriched with Pro-Retinol A, a powerful antiwrinkle agent, which is encapsulated in nanosomes.

It contains nanosomes of Pro-Retinol A. It contains nanospheres, delivers 13 bioactives including proven, wrinkle-reducing peptides to stimulate fibroblasts, build collagen, brighten skin, and reduce inflammation for a younger, healthier appearance. It is based on nanocapsules technology. It contains vitamin nanocapsules which help to preserve skin's youth effectively. Infinitely small nanoparticles of pure gold are bound to silk microfibers to firm and tone skin, while delivering incredible anti-inflammatory, healing, and age defying power.

A stem cells revolutionary antiaging therapy Nanosphere Plus serum has been specially formulated to allow natural stem cells to preserve and protect skin cells.

However, because of their infinitesimally small size, nanoparticles may be more chemically reactive and therefore more bioavailable , and may behave differently than larger particles of the same substance; these characteristics may lead to potential damage in the human body or ecosystem. Because of the uncertainty of the impacts of nanoparticles, Made Safe exercises the precautionary principle, meaning we avoid nanoparticles until more extensive scientific testing proves their safety.

Made Safe only allows titanium dioxide as part of sunscreen solutions and diaper creams; all titanium dioxide must be non-nanoparticle. Made Safe does not allow titanium dioxide in any other personal care or household products.

Enter Giveaway Here. These findings suggest that these particles, which end up at municipal sewage treatment plants could eliminate microbes that play vital roles in ecosystems and help treat wastewater. Fullerenes have also been found to kill water fleas and have bactericidal properties. This tendency would make nanoparticles a potential mechanism for long range and widespread transport of pollutants in groundwater.

Various studies have shown that carbon fullerenes, which are currently being used in moisturizers and some face creams, have the potential to cause brain damage in fishes[ 55 , 56 ] kill water fleas and have bactericidal properties.

In a work done by Dhawan et al. The opinions of the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks SCENIHR deals with the risk assessment methodologies available for evaluating the possible adverse health and environmental effects of nanotechnology products[ 59 ] and also on the investigation of nanomaterials.

The main parameters that are evaluated for the safety of nanomaterials are the following:. These predictive models range from simple, empirical algorithms to complex mathematical equations which sometimes require knowledge and estimation of experimentally inaccessible parameters. But, since, in none of these models, data relating to macromolecular compounds or particle structures have been included, they cannot be used with any confidence to predict what might happen when such entities contact the skin.

More useful information from the in vitro studies can be obtained by microscopic examination of the skin posttreatment. While absolute quantification may not be possible, visualization of the tissue to which an active has been applied can provide valuable insight. The methods used for microscopic evaluation are shown in Table 2. Methods employed for microscopic techniques[ 61 ]. Though there are a number of alternative methods and technologies for studying the molecular mechanisms involved in the biological activity of compounds, only validated methods are permitted for cosmetic products.

These validated methods must be used when testing is required, for the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients. The different validated in vitro tests employed are depicted in Figure 1. Validated in vitro Methods employed[ 61 ]. The relevant toxicological end points considered important for nanomaterials are given in Figure 2.

Cosmetic manufacturers using nanotechnology confront an uncertain future from both consumer response and a regulatory standpoint. Eminent scientific bodies like the Royal Society, Britain's most prestigious scientific body, and the US Food and Drug Administration warn that the health risks of nanocosmetics require a thorough investigation before product commercialization.

Though there are increasing number of cosmetics and personal care products containing nanomaterials in the market, there are no specific regulations regarding their safety assessment. However these regulators fail to distinguish between nanoparticles and larger sized particles. The EU's Scientific Committee on Consumer Products SCCP looked at the safety evaluation of nanomaterials for use in cosmetic products and considered the implications on animal testing and whether the previous opinions on nanomaterials currently used in sunscreen products would need to be revised.

As requested by the European Parliament, the new regulation introduces a safety assessment procedure for all products containing nanomaterials, which could lead to a ban on a substance if there is a risk to human health.

The responsible person shall ensure compliance with safety, GMP, safety assessment, product information file, sampling and analysis, notification, restrictions for substances listed in Annexes, CMR, nanomaterial traces, animal testing and labeling, claims, information to the public, communication of SUE, information on substances. Prior to placing the cosmetic product on the market, the responsible person should submit the following information to the Commission:.

In case the Commission has concerns regarding the safety of the nanomaterial, the Commission shall, without delay, request the SCCS to give its opinion on the safety of these nanomaterials for the relevant categories of cosmetic products and the reasonably foreseeable exposure conditions. All ingredients present in the form of nanomaterials shall be clearly indicated in the list of ingredients. Particular consideration shall be given to any possible impacts on the toxicological profile due to.

The use of engineered nanomaterials has hiked in today's world. It has also captured the hearts of the cosmetic industries with its enhanced properties and they are shifting their focus from cosmeceuticals to nanocosmeceuticals by incorporating nanotechnology in most of their manufacturing processes.

But all these nanocosmetics have raised a great concern regarding their safety for humans and environment. In order to ensure the safety and efficacy of such products, the European Union has incorporated a new amendment in its Cosmetics Directive which will become active from onwards.

This new regulation will allow only the safer nanocosmetic products to enter into the market, safeguarding the beauty and health of the consumers. Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. Silpa Raj , Shoma Jose , U. Sumod , and M. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.

Address for correspondence: Miss. Silpa Raj, E-mail: moc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.

Abstract Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating atoms and molecules in the nanoscale - 80, times smaller than the width of a human hair. Front-running brands of nanocosmetics It has been found out from different surveys that almost all the major cosmetic manufacturers use nanotechnology in their various products. Open in a separate window. Graph 1. Nano-variegation in cosmetics Mineral-based cosmetic ingredients with nano-sized dimensions Some cosmetic products, such as sunscreens, use mineral-based materials and their performance depends on their particle size.

Other nano-sized materials employed in cosmetics Many of the leading cosmetic companies claim their products to contain various types of nano-sized materials like fullerenes, nanotubes, liposomes, quantum dots etc. Types of nanomaterials used in cosmetics are the following Liposomes Liposomes are concentric bilayered vesicles in which the aqueous volume is entirely enclosed by a lipid bilayer composed of natural or synthetic phospholipids which are GRAS generally regarded as safe products.

Nanoemulsions They are dispersions of nanoscale droplets of one liquid within another. Nanocapsules Nanocapsules are submicroscopic particles that are made of a polymeric capsule surrounding an aqueous or oily core. Solid lipid nanoparticles They are oily droplets of lipids which are solid at body temperature and stabilized by surfactants. Nanosilver and Nanogold Cosmetic manufacturers are harnessing the enhanced antibacterial properties of nanosilver in a range of applications.

Dendrimers Dendrimers are unimolecular, monodisperse, micellar nanostructures, around 20 nm in size, with a well-defined, regularly branched symmetrical structure and a high density of functional end groups at their periphery. Cubosomes Cubosomes are discrete, sub-micron, nanostructured particles of bi-continuous cubic liquid crystalline phase.

Hydrogels They are 3D hydrophilic polymer networks that swell in water or biological fluids without dissolving as a result of chemical or physical cross-links. Buckyballs Buckminster fullerene, C60, is perhaps the most iconic nanomaterial and is approximately 1 nm in diameter. Graph 2. Black-box warnings for nanocosmetics — how and why?

The various reasons for this nanotoxicity are summarized below:- Smaller size of nanoparticles The main characteristic of nanoparticles is their small size. Shape of nanoparticles Nanoparticles are produced in a variety of shapes like spheres, tubes, sheets etc. Surface area of nanoparticles As the size of the particle decreases, their surface area increases leading to an increase in their reactivity.

With so much possibilities achievable with nanotechnology, to apply this science to cosmetics is to manufacture cosmetic products with elegance, conferring appeal and durability on the fragrance of perfumes, improve protection offered by sunscreen products, make hair dyes give unparalleled luster to hairs and to produce anti-ageing creams that attempts to provide resistance to progression of aging by offering prolong dermal hydration, and strengthening skin elasticity [6].

The wave of applying nanotechnology principles in cosmetic manufacture is intense. Figure 1. Some applications of nanotechnology [14] [16]. But what could possibly spark the drive for such attention and investments in the use of Nano sized ingredients in cosmetics?

Unique properties and reduced production cost could be possible reasons. One possible reason many researchers and manufacturers give for increased attention and use of nanomaterials in cosmetics is to achieve better delivery of cosmetic ingredients into the skin.

This is a sound reason and a function of the perceived properties of nanomaterials. However, research results appear not to be consistent with such reason. This may be due to varying study conditions giving non reproducible results [16]. For example, the small size of lipid vesicles seen in nanoemulsions may enable cosmetic materials be absorbed more readily into skin [17]. Fellipe et al.

It is, nevertheless, safe to state that nanosized materials have peculiar features that make them different from their large particle sized counterparts. Figure 2 presents some of these features. Particle sizes influence properties of a given material.

Nanoscale particles thus possess altered properties from their parent or larger size counterparts in terms of color, structural integrity, transparency, optical activity, solubility, and chemical reactivity. For example, nanoscale materials possess the unique size which. Figure 2. Properties of nanomaterials. These properties of nanoparticles in cosmetics provide better UV protection, long lasting effects, better finish quality and improved penetration through the skin [1] [16].

Another invaluable property associated with nanomaterials is that they possess larger surface area to mass or volume ratio compared with larger sized particles. One of two particles with equal volume is said to have larger surface to volume ratio, if it has more numbers of molecules or atoms present on the surface of the particle than the other.

Size reduction increases the surface area to volume ratio of particles. Sivanskar and Kumar [19] had endeavored to mathematically deduce the percentage increase in the surface area of a spherical nanosized particle that is reduced from a micrometer.

Improved surface area enhances dispersibility rate of sedimentation reduced to almost zero and dissolution rate of drug or cosmetic ingredients. Larger surface area of nanoscale materials also means more surface irregularities which promotes good adhesion due to higher number of contact points supporting van der Waals attraction. Good adhesion to the skin will achieve better cosmetic effect. More significantly is the effect of surface area on reactivity of the particles.

These unique chemical properties may result in unique bioactivity and may help to predict possible biological response obtainable from nanomaterials used in cosmetics [20]. Nanosized materials even those of high solid density, when in suspension, form well dispersed systems that do not settle under the influence of Brownian motion. This implies that nanoscale ingredients in cosmetics will stay suspended longer than their micro scale counterpart.

This property confers on such nanosized skin preparations a measure of stability, longer shelf life as it will take longer for features of instability such as creaming, cracking, Ostwald ripening or phase inversion to be noticed or actually occur. Little wonder then the urge to obtain and use available nanomaterials in cosmetic production.

Large surface area also provides more active sites to promote chemical reaction, thus increasing reactivity of nanosized materials.

The optical activity and transparency of nanomaterials confers aesthetics to cosmetic products. This is particularly evident in many creams and sunscreens. Zinc oxide and Titanium oxide are main components of sunscreens. Their larger size particles when used leave a conspicuously white color on the skin but the Nano sized particles in similar product leave no such effect thus resulting in better aesthetics of the nanoproduct [21]. The economic advantage of nanoparticle in terms of low production cost as opposed to the large sized counterparts has also been noted as one more reason for taking the option to use nanoparticle in cosmetic products.

This is especially seen many times in which nanoparticles are obtained as byproduct of diminution of larger sized particles without a determined attempt to produce them [21]. Nanomaterials used in cosmetics are many and their unique properties vary, affecting which type of cosmetic products it will best suit. Some of these together with their composition, properties and applications are discussed below;.

These spherical vesicles are made of hydrophobic phospholipid bilayers enclosing an aqueous medium. Composition: they are usually formed from cholesterol and natural phospholipids in an aqueous environment at the right ratio of lipid-to-water in the presence of heat energy.

Properties: The phospholipids could be unsaturated or saturated but non-toxic. The unsaturated are less stable but more permeable for example, egg phosphatidyl choline which is of a natural source. The saturated ones have long acyl chains, forming rigid impermeable bilayer structure eg dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline [22]. Liposome size ranges from 30 nm to several micrometers. Liposomes of natural or synthetic phospholipids are similar to those in cellular plasma membranes. This explains their biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, and being flexible vesicles are readily utilized by the cells [23].

Uses and applications: These can trap cosmetic ingredients, whether hydrophilic or hydrophobic, releasing their contents at designated targeted spots. Hence even poorly soluble cosmetic ingredients can be delivered in this form. Liposomes have been used to encapsulate vitamins delivered to refresh skin epidermis. When delivered as liposomes, Vitamins A, E and carotenoids have improved stability.

Little wonder the ingredients of liposomes are seen in moisturizers for skincare and shampoos for hair care [6] [24]. Liposomes however have limitation in terms of physical stability, and in large scale production [22]. Composition: Made up of non-ionic surfactants the tweens and span , cholesterol and an aqueous medium. The surfactants self-arrange as a bilayer that encloses the aqueous solution within it. Application: Functional cosmetic ingredients can thus be dissolved or dispersed and carried in the aqueous solution within the niosomes, and delivered at intended sites targeted delivery or at a predetermined rate controlled delivery.

Hydrophilic drugs and lipophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core and membrane bilayer of niosomes respectively.

At the size of less than nm, micelles could be used as nanosized materials in formulating drugs or cosmetic agents having low solubility as colloidal solutions. Composition: Micelles form when surfactants self-arrange in an aqueous environment and this happens when the critical micellar concentration of the surfactant is exceeded. Properties: Micelles are similar to liposomes but they do not have an inner hydrophilic liquid compartment. Rather they possess hydrophobic core but a hydrophilic surface which confers on them the ability to solubilize an otherwise poor soluble cosmetic ingredient.

Nanocapsules are polymeric nanoparticles consisting of a shell and a hollow space in which desired substances may be loaded and protected from the environment. Although emulsions are common liquid dispersed systems usually of two immiscible liquids, one being dispersed in the other, nanoemulsions are considered as one of the most advanced nanomaterials for cosmetic production [29].

Their wide application is attributed to their desirable properties. Composition and Properties: Typically, nanoemulsions are composed of oil phase and the water phase, one dispersed as submicron droplets throughout the other and stabilized by surfactants. Nanoemulsions have so fine texture that they can be sprayed on and are relatively stable. They also possess good skin penetration and hydration power. Uses and application: In skin creams production, ingredients are encapsulated or suspended as nanoemulsions to enhance skin penetration.

Nanoemulsions are extensively used as medium for the controlled delivery of biologically active ingredients in cosmeceuticals such as lotions, shampoo, nail enamels, and hair conditioners [29]. Companies that manufacture these products claim that nanoemulsions can transport beneficial compounds deep into the skin in high concentrations. Composition: By composition, they are described as emulsions, where the solid lipids form the oil phase. Some authors designate them as solidified oil-in-water emulsion [30].

Properties: SLN is typically spherical with an average diameter of 50 - nm. They are non-toxic and bio-compatible. SLN can either be lipospheres or nanospheres. These together with nanostructured lipids can serve as carriers for drugs or cosmetic ingredients conferring good physical stability and low incidence of drug leakages. However, when storage conditions are suboptimal, SLN are subject to change into polymorphic forms, resulting in variations in the release or non-release of drugs or cosmetic ingredients in them [31].

Uses and applications; Solid lipid nanoparticles can be used as carriers for cosmetic ingredients. Such lipids carriers provide skin enhanced hydration, bioavailability, stability and controlled occlusion. These are particles of pure active materials, reduced to nanoscale with crystallization or grinding methods. These are crystal aggregate of size range of 10 - nm made up of hundreds to thousands of atoms that combine into a cluster and used for the delivery of poorly soluble actives [32].

This formulation of original rutin molecule, a study revealed is times more bioactive compared to the water soluble form, rutin glycoside. This comparison of rutin nanocrystal and rutin glycoside was based on its sun protective factor [33].

It was especially remarkable because the nano-crystal suspension which was less soluble had the concentration of actives formulated as nanocrystals in the skin much higher compared with the glycoside or the powder [6].

In a similar study reported by Pyo et al. These metallic nanosized materials are classed as mineral nanoparticles. Properties and applications: Silver nanoparticles, also termed nano silver or colloidal silver have been used in many personal care products as preservatives in cosmetics such as shampoos, toothpastes and in preparations for skin acne. This is not unconnected with silver nanoparticles having antibacterial activity. Silver nanoparticles have been observed to inhibit the growth of dermatophytes, making them potential anti-infective agents active against infectious organisms, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epididermis, Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Syphilis typhus, and Staphylococcus aureus [6] [37] [38].

Published literatures have suggested that the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles may be due to the release of silver ions, and similar studies have been carried out extensively on nanosilver and its products to exploit its unique antibacterial and antifungal properties [35] [39]. Gold nanoparticles on the other hand due to their unique properties for transporting and unloading the pharmaceuticals and ease of synthesis could be exploited in cosmetics.